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Certified Information Systems Security Professional 2007

Overview: CISSP® is a vendor independent top-level management certification covering all the critical concepts, objectives, and terminology. CISSP's know how to manage security along with the "how's and why's" in related areas. The CISSP® designation will get you noticed by management or perspective employers.

Domain 1 - Information Security and Risk Management

• Information Security and Risk Management
• Mainframe Days
• In the Good Old Days –Who Knew?
• Today’s Environment
• Security Definitions
• Vulnerabilities
• Examples of Some Vulnerabilities that Are Not Always Obvious
• Risk – What Does It Really Mean?
• Relationships
• Who Deals with Risk?
• Overall Business Risk
• Who?
• AIC Triad
• Availability
• Integrity
• Confidentiality
• Who Is Watching?
• Social Engineering
• What Security People Are Really Thinking
• Security Concepts
• Security?
• The Bad Guys Are Motivated
• If Not Obscurity – Then What?
• Open Standards
• Common Open Standards
• Without Standards
• “Soft” Controls
• Logical Controls
• Physical Controls
• Are There Gaps?
• Understanding Drivers
• Holistic Security
• Not Always So Easy
• What Is First?
• Different Types of Law
• How Is Liability Determined?
• Examples of Due Diligence
• Examples of Due Care
• Prudent Person Rule
• Prudent Person
• Taking the Right Steps
• Regulations
• Why Do We Need Regulations?
• Risk Management
• Why Is Risk Management Difficult?
• Necessary Level of Protection Is Different for Each Organization
• Security Team/Committee
• Risk Management Process
• Planning Stage – Team
• Analysis Paralysis
• Planning Stage – Scope
• Planning Stage – Analysis Method
• Risk Management Tools
• Defining Acceptable Levels
• Acceptable Risk Level
• Collecting and Analyzing Data Methods
• What Is a Company Asset?
• Data Collection – Identify Assets
• Data Collection – Assigning Values
• Asset Value
• Data Collection – Identify Threats
• Data Collection – Calculate Risks
• Scenario Based – Qualitative Risk Approach
• Qualitative Analysis Steps
• Want Real Answers?
• Qualitative Risk Analysis Ratings
• Qualitative Risks
• Quantitative Analysis Steps
• Quantitative Analysis
• How Often Will This Happen?
• ARO Values and Their Meaning
• Calculate ALE
• ALE Value Uses
• Relationships
• Calculate Risks – ALE Example
• Your Turn!
• ALE Calculation
• Can a Purely Quantitative Analysis Be Accomplished?
• Risk Types
• Examples of Types of Losses
• Delayed Loss
• Cost/Benefit Analysis
• Cost of a Countermeasure
• Cost/Benefit Analysis Countermeasure
• Criteria
• Calculating Cost/Benefit
• Controls
• Control Selection Requirements
• Quantitative Analysis
• Quantitative Analysis Disadvantages
• Qualitative Analysis Approach
• Qualitative Analysis Disadvantages
• Can You Get Rid of All Risk?
• Calculating Residual Risk
• Uncertainty Analysis
• Dealing with Risk
• Management’s Response to Identified Risks
• Risk Acceptance
• Risk Analysis Process Summary
• Components of Security Program
• A Layered Approach
• In Security, You Never Want Any Surprises
• Building Foundation
• Security Roadmap
• Functional and Assurance Requirements
• Building Foundation
• Most Organizations Silo Security Structure
• Islands of Security Needs and Tools
• Get Out of a Silo Approach
• Security Is a Process
• Approach to Security Management
• Result of Battling Management
• Industry Best Practices Standards
• ISO/IEC 17799
• Pieces and Parts
• Numbering
• New ISO Standards
• COBIT
• Inside of COBIT
• COBIT – Control Objectives
• Measurements
• Information Technology Infrastructure Library
• Security Governance
• Security Program Components
• Policy Framework
• Policy Types
• Organizational Policy
• Policy Approved – Now What?
• Issue-Specific Policies
• ASP Policy Example
• System-Specific Policies
• Standards
• Standard Example
• Baseline
• Data Collection for Metrics
• Guidelines
• Procedures
• Tying Them Together
• Program Support
• Entity Relationships
• Senior Management’s Role
• Security Roles
• Custodian
• Auditor
• Access
• Information Classification
• Information Classification Program
• Data Leakage
• Do You Want to End Up in the News?
• Types of Classification Levels
• Data Protection Levels
• Classification Program Steps
• Information Classification Components
• Procedures and Guidelines
• Classification Levels
• Information Classification Criteria
• Criteria Example
• Or Not
• Information Owner Requirements
• Clearly Labeled
• Testing Classification Program
• Who Is Always Causing Problems?
• Employee Management
• Employee Position and Management
• Hiring and Firing Issues
• A Few More Items
• Unfriendly Termination
• Security Awareness and Training
• Training Characteristics
• Awareness
• Security Enforcement Issues
• Answer This Question

Domain 2 - Access Control Domain Objectives

• Definitions
• Access Control Mechanism Examples
• Technical Controls
• Administrative Controls
• Access Control Characteristics
• Preventive Controls
• Preventive - Administrative Controls
• Preventive – Physical Controls
• Preventive - Technical Controls
• Control Combinations
• Detective - Administrative Control
• Detective Examples
• Administrating Access Control
• OS, Application, Database
• Administrating Access Control
• Authorization Creep
• Accountability and Access Control
• Trusted Path
• Fake Login Pages Look Convincing
• Who Are You?
• Identification Issues
• Authentication Mechanisms
• Characteristics
• Strong Authentication
• Fraud Controls
• Internal Control Tool: Separation of Duties
• Authentication Mechanisms in Use Today
• Biometrics Technology
• Biometric Devices
• Verification Steps
• What a Person Is
• Why Use Biometrics?
• Biometric Type
• Identification or Authentication?
• Iris Sampling
• Iris
• Finger Scan
• Hand Geometry
• Facial Recognition
• Comparison
• Biometrics Verification
• Issues
• Downfalls to Biometric Use
• Biometrics Error Types
• Crossover Error Rate
• Biometric System Types
• Passwords
• Password Generators
• Password “Shoulds”
• Support Issues
• Password Attacks
• Attack Steps
• Many Tools to Break Your Password
• Rainbow Table
• Passwords Should NOT Contain…
• What’s Left?
• Countermeasures for Password Cracking
• Cognitive Passwords
• One-Time Password Authentication
• Synchronous Token
• One Type of Solution
• Synchronous Steps
• Administrator Configures
• Challenge Response Authentication
• Asynchronous Token Device
• Asynchronous Steps
• Challenge Response Authentication
• Cryptographic Keys
• Passphrase Authentication
• Key Protection
• Memory Cards
• Memory Card Characteristics
• Smart Card
• Characteristics
• Card Types
• Smart Card Attacks
• Software Attack
• Side Channel Attack
• Side Channel Data Collection
• Microprobing
• Identity Management
• How Are These Entities Controlled?
• Some Current Issues
• Management
• Typical Chaos
• Different Identities
• Identity Management Technologies
• Directory Component
• Enterprise Directory
• Directory Responsibilities
• Authoritative Sources
• Meta Directory
• Directory Interactions
• Web Access Management
• Web Access
• Password Management
• Legacy Single Sign-On
• Account Management Systems
• Provisioning Component
• Provisioning
• Not Just Computers
• Profile Update
• Working Together
• Enterprise Directory
• Identity Management Solution Components
• Right for Your Company
• What you need to know
• Federated Identity
• Identity Theft
• Fake Login Tools
• How Do These Attacks Work?
• Attempts to Get Your Credentials
• How Do These Work?
• Instructional Emails
• Knowing What You Are Disposing of Is Important
• Another Danger to Be Aware of…Spyware
• Is Someone Watching You?
• What Does This Have to Do with My Computer?
• Sometimes You Know that Software Is Installing on Your System
• New Spyware Is Being Identified Every Week
• Spyware Comes in Many Different Forms
• How to Prevent Spyware
• Different Technologies
• Single Sign-on Technology
• Single Sign-on
• Directory Services as a Single Sign-on Technology
• Active Directory
• Some Technologies Can Combine Services
• Security Domain
• Domains of Trust
• Domain Illustration
• Thin Clients
• Kerberos as a Single Sign-on Technology
• Kerberos Components Working Together
• Pieces and Parts
• More Components of Kerberos
• KDC Components
• Kerberos Steps
• Tickets
• Ticket Components
• Authenticators
• Steps of Validation
• Kerberos Security
• Why Go Through All of this Trouble?
• Issues Pertaining to Kerberos
• Kerberos Issues
• SESAME as a Single Sign-on Technology
• SESAME Steps for Authentication Combo
• Models for Access
• Access Control Models
• Discretionary Access Control Model
• ACL Access
• File Permissions
• Enforcing a DAC Policy
• Security Issues
• Mandatory Access Control Model
• MAC Enforcement Mechanism – Labels
• Formal Model
• Software and Hardware
• Software and Hardware Guards
• Where Are They Used?
• SELinux
• MAC Versus DAC
• Role-Based Access Control
• RBAC Hierarchy
• RBAC and SoD
• Acquiring Rights and Permissions
• Rule-Based Access Control
• Firewall Example
• Access Control Matrix
• Capability Tables
• User Capability Tables
• Temporal Access Control
• Access Control Administration
• Access Control Methods
• Centralized Approach
• Remote Centralized Administration
• RADIUS
• RADIUS Steps
• RADIUS Characteristics
• TACACS+ Characteristics
• Diameter Characteristics
• Diameter Protocol
• Mobile IP
• Diameter Architecture
• Two Pieces
• AVP
• Decentralized Access Control Administration
• Controlling Access to Sensitive Data
• Protecting Access to System Logs
• Accountability = Auditing Events
• IDS
• IDS Steps
• Network IDS Sensors
• Host IDS
• Combination
• Types of IDSs
• Signature-Based Example
• Behavior-Based IDS
• Statistical Anomaly
• Statistical IDS
• Protocol Anomaly
• What Is a Protocol Anomaly?
• Protocol Anomaly Issues
• Traffic Anomaly
• IDS Response Mechanisms
• Responses to Attacks
• IDS Issues
• Intrusion Prevention System
• Differences
• Vulnerable IDS
• Trapping an Intruder

Domain 3 - Cryptography Objectives

• Services Provided by Cryptography
• Cryptographic Definitions
• Cipher
• Cryptanalysis
• A Few More Definitions
• Need Some More Definitions?
• Now This Would be Hard Work
• Symmetric Cryptography – Use of
• Secret Keys
• Historical Uses of Symmetric
• Cryptography – Hieroglyphics
• Scytale Cipher
• Substitution Ciphers
• Simple Substitution Cipher Atbash
• Simple Substitution Cipher Caesar Cipher
• Caesar Cipher Example
• Simple Substitution Cipher ROT13
• Historical Uses
• Polyalphabetic Cipher – Vigenere Cipher
• Polyalphabetic Substitution
• Vigenere Algorithm
• Enigma Machine
• U-Boats had Enigma Machines
• Code Book
• Historical Uses of Symmetric
• Cryptography – Running Key and
• Concealment
• Transposition Ciphers
• Key and Algorithm Relationship
• Does Size Really Matter?
• It Does with Key Sizes
• Key space
• Ways of Breaking Cryptosystems – Brute Force
• Brute Force Components
• Ways of Breaking Cryptosystems – Frequency Analysis
• Strength of a Cryptosystem
• Do You Know What You are Doing?
• Developing Cryptographic Solutions In-House
• Characteristics of Strong Algorithms
• Open or Closed More Secure?
• Types of Ciphers Used Today
• Type of Symmetric Cipher – Block Cipher
• S-Boxes Used in Block Ciphers
• Binary Mathematical Function 1
• Type of Symmetric Cipher – Stream Cipher
• Symmetric Characteristics
• Initialization Vectors
• Security Holes
• Strength of a Stream Cipher
• Let’s Dive in Deeper
• Symmetric Key Cryptography
• Out-of-Band Transmission
• Symmetric Key Management Issue
• Symmetric Algorithm Examples
• Symmetric Downfalls
• Asymmetric Cryptography
• Key Functions
• Public Key Cryptography Advantages
• Asymmetric Algorithm Disadvantages
• Confusing Names
• Symmetric versus Asymmetric
• Asymmetric Algorithm Examples
• When to Use Which Key
• Using the Algorithm Types Together
• Encryption Steps
• Receiver's Public Key Is Used to Encrypt the Symmetric Key
• Receiver’s Private Key Is Used to Decrypt the Symmetric Key
• Digital Envelope
• E-mail Security
• Secret versus Session Keys
• Asymmetric Algorithms We Will Dive Into
• Asymmetric Algorithm – Diffie-Hellman
• Diffie-Hellman
• Key Agreement Schemes
• Asymmetric Algorithm – RSA
• Factoring Large Numbers
• RSA Operations
• RSA Key Size
• El Gamal
• ECC
• ECC Benefits
• Asymmetric Mathematics
• Asymmetric Security
• Mathematics
• Symmetric Ciphers We Will Dive Into
• Symmetric Algorithms – DES
• Block Cipher
• Double DES
• Evolution of DES
• Modes of 3DES
• Encryption Modes
• Block Cipher Modes – CBC
• IV and CBC
• CBC Example
• Different Modes of Block Ciphers –ECB
• ECB versus CBC
• Block Cipher Modes – CFB and OFB
• CFB and OFB Modes
• Counter Mode
• Modes Summary
• Symmetric Cipher – AES
• IDEA
• RC4
• RC5
• Data Integrity
• Hashing Steps
• Protecting the Integrity of Data
• Hashing Algorithms
• Data Integrity Mechanisms
• Hashing Strength
• Weakness in Using Only Hash Algorithms
• More Protection in Data Integrity
• MAC
• HMAC – Sender
• HMAC – Receiver
• Another Look
• What Services
• Authentication Types
• CBC-MAC
• MAC Using Block Ciphers
• Integrity?
• What Services?
• Digital Signatures
• One More Look 1
• U.S. Government Standard
• What is…
• Not Giving up the Farm
• Zero Knowledge Proof
• Message Integrity Controls
• Security Issues in Hashing
• Example of a Birthday Attack
• Birthday Attack Issues
• Key Management
• Key Backup
• Key Management (Cont.)
• Key Usage
• Cryptoperiod
• M-of-N
• Key Types
• Why Do We Need a PKI?
• PKI and Its Components
• Components of PKI
• PKI
• PKI Steps
• RA Roles
• CA
• Let’s Walk Through an Example
• Digital Certificates
• Certificate
• Signing the Certificate
• Verifying the Certificate
• Trusted CA’s
• Non-Trusted CA
• One More Look 2
• What Do You Do with a Certificate?
• Components of PKI, Repository, and
• CRLs
• Revoked?
• CRL Process
• Different Uses for Certificates
• Lifecycle of a Certificate
• Cross Certification
• PKI and Trust
• Historical Uses of Symmetric Cryptography – Vernam Cipher
• Binary Mathematical Function 2
• One-Time Pad in Action
• One-Time Pad Characteristics
• Steganography
• Steganography Utilities
• Digital Watermarking
• Link versus End-to-End Encryption
• End-to-End Encryption
• Encryption Location
• Email Standards
• You Decide
• Non-Hierarchical
• Secure Protocols
• SSL Connection Setup
• Example - SSL
• Validating Certificate
• Secure Protocols (Cont.)
• SSL and the OSI Model
• E-Commerce
• How Are You Doing?
• Hard the First Times Through
• Secure Email Standard
• Network Layer Protection
• IPSec Key Management
• IPSec Handshaking Process
• VPN Establishment
• SAs in Use
• Key Issues Within IPSec
• Configuration of SA Parameters
• IPSec Configuration Options
• IPSec Is a Suite of Protocols
• AH and ESP Modes
• IPSec Modes of Operation
• VPN Establishment (Cont.)
• Attack Types
• Attacks on Cryptosystems
• Known-Plaintext Attack
• Chosen-Plaintext Attack
• Chosen-Ciphertext Attack
• Adaptive Attacks
• Side Channel Attacks

Domain 4 - Physical Security Objectives

• Physical Security – Threats
• Different Types of Threats
• Categories of Threats
• Wake Up Call
• Not Just Hacking
• Number One Priority
• Legal Issues
• Planning Phase
• Physical Security Program Goals
• Measurable Results
• Planning Process
• Risk Assessment Needs to be Carried Out
• Deterrence
• Deterrence Options
• Delay
• Another Delay Approach
• Layered Defense Model
• Layers of Defense
• Detection
• Assessment
• Response
• Weak Link in the Chain
• Part of the Overall Security Program Controls with the Same Goals
• Threat Categories
• Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
• Crux of Approach
• Protection Built In
• CPTED Examples
• Natural Access Control
• Access Control
• CPTED Main Strategies
• Target Hardening
• Access Barriers
• Facility Site Selection
• Urban Camouflage
• Facility Construction
• Earthquake Protection
• Construction Materials
• Rebar Encased in Concrete
• Pentagon with Reinforcements
• Fire Resistance Walls
• Data Center
• Data Center Protection
• Designing a Secure Site
• Levels of Protection
• Door Types
• Hollow-Core Doors
• Solid Core Doors
• Bullet Proof Door
• Door Component
• Door Lock Types
• Window Types
• Controlling Access
• Sensitive Areas
• Possible Threats
• Security Zones
• Various Sensors
• Lock Types
• Controlling Keys
• Smart Locks
• Lock Picking
• Entry Access Control
• Facility Access
• Wireless Proximity Devices
• Device Types
• Piggybacking
• Entrance Protection
• Mantraps
• Door Configurations
• External Boundary Protection
• Perimeter Protection – Fencing
• Detection Fencing
• Detecting Intruders
• Fencing Characteristics
• Fencing Issues
• Gates
• What Level of Protection is Needed?
• Bollards
• Perimeter Protection – Lighting
• Properly Laid Out
• Lighting Issues
• Perimeter Security – Security Guards
• Guard Tasks
• Security Guards
• Monitoring
• Level of Detail that is Required
• CCTV
• Items to Consider about CCTVs
• CCTV Components
• CCTV Lens Types
• CCTV Components (Cont.)
• Types of Physical Intrusion
• Detection Systems
• Intrusion Detection Characteristics
• Electro-Mechanical Sensors
• Volumetric Sensors
• Alarm Systems
• Securing Mobile Devices
• Stolen Laptops (partial list..)
• HVAC Attributes
• Environmental Considerations
• Who’s Got Gas?
• Documentation of Procedures
• Electrical Power
• Backup Power
• Problems with Steady Power Current
• Power Interference
• Disturbances
• Protection Against Electromagnetic Discharge
• Power Preventive Measures
• Device Protection
• Consistent Power Flow
• Static Electricity
• Fire Prevention
• Not Allowed
• Components of Fire
• Fire Sources
• Automatic Detector Mechanisms
• Fire Detection
• Fire Suppression Agents
• Fire Types
• Emergency Power Off Switch
• Employees Need to be Trained
• Fire Suppression Systems
• Fire Extinguishers
• Emergency Procedures
• Drills and Testing
• Water Detectors

Domain 5: Security Architecture and Design Objectives

• Computer Architecture
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Registers
• Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Control Unit
• Processing Data
• Register Types
• Program Status Word (PSW)
• Trust Levels
• Process
• Memory Segment Assignment
• Threads
• Process and Thread
• Process States
• Interrupts
• Interrupt Masking
• Process Table
• Moving Information
• Stacks
• Buses
• Processor and Buses
• 32-Bit versus 64-Bit
• Working Together
• Multiprocessing
• Multiprocessor
• System Functionality
• Multitasking Types
• Multitasking
• Deadloc
• Memory Types
• Cache Types
• Read Only Memory
• Virtual Memory
• Swapping
• Types of Memory
• Architecture Components
• Memory Manager Responsibilities
• Memory Protection
• Memory Manager Responsibilities (Cont.)
• Memory Addressing
• Base and Limit Addresses
• Shared Memory
• Memory Protection (Cont.)
• Memory Leaks
• CPU and OS
• System Protection – Levels of Trust
• Trust Levels (Cont.)
• System Protection - Protection Rings
• What Does It Mean to Be in a Specific Ring?
• System Protection – Layering
• System Call Interfaces
• API Application Programming Interface
• System Protection - Application Program Interface
• Process Protection
• Process Isolation
• Virtual Mapping
• Process ID
• Virtual Machines
• VMWare
• Input/Output Devices
• I/O Addressing
• Device Types
• Device Drivers
• Security Issues
• Software Complexity
• Types of Compromises
• Trusted Computing Base
• TCB
• Hardened Kernel
• Execution Domains
• Simple Definition
• Main Functions of TCB
• Process Activation
• Execution Domain Switching
• Security Perimeter
• System Protection - Reference Monitor
• Security Kernel Requirements
• Tying Concepts Together
• Security Levels
• MAC Modes
• Modes of Operation
• MAC Modes (Cont.)
• Enterprise Architecture
• Objectives
• Without an Enterprise Security Architecture
• Can’t Just Wing It
• Just Right
• Breaking Down the Components
• Strategic Alignment
• Business Enablement
• Process Enhancement
• Process Enhancement Requires…
• Security Foundation
• Security Effectiveness
• Are We Doing it Right?
• Integration of Components
• How Do We Do All of This?
• Security Enterprise Architecture
• Industry Model
• Security Roadmap
• Trust Zones
• Infrastructure Level
• Application Layer
• Component Layer
• Business Process Layer
• Holistic Security
• Access Control Models
• Policy versus Model
• State Machine
• Information Flow
• Information Flow Model
• Bell-LaPadula
• Rules of Bell-LaPadula
• Rules Clarified
• Tranquility Types
• Biba
• Definition of Integrity
• Biba Access Rules
• Clark-Wilson
• Goals of Model
• Clark Wilson Components
• Clark-Wilson (Cont.)
• Clark-Wilson Model
• Non-Interference Model
• Lattice-Based Access Control
• Lattice Approach
• Understanding Lattice
• Access Control Matrix Model
• Access Control Matrix
• Brewer and Nash Model – Chinese Wall
• Brewer and Nash
• Take-Grant Model
• Graham-Denning Model
• Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC)
• TCSEC
• TCSEC Rating Breakdown
• Evaluation Criteria - ITSEC
• ITSEC Ratings
• ITSEC – Good and Bad
• Common Criteria
• Common Criteria Standard
• Security Functional Requirements
• Security Assurance Requirements
• Common Criteria Components
• Common Criteria Requirements
• Package Ratings
• Common Criteria Outline
• Certification Versus Accreditation

Domain 6: Asset Value, Policies, and Roles

• Not Just Fun and Games
• Examples of Computer Crimes
• Who Perpetrates These Crimes?
• Types of Motivation for Attacks
• A Few Attack Types
• Dumpster Diving
• Telephone Fraud
• Privacy of Sensitive Data
• Privacy Issues – U.S. Laws as Examples
• European Union Principles on Privacy
• Routing Data Through Different Countries
• Employee Privacy Issues
• Civil Law
• Criminal Law
• Administrative Law
• U.S. Federal Laws
• Trade Secret
• Copyright
• More Intellectual Property Laws
• Software Licensing
• Software Piracy
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• Computer Crime and Its Barriers
• Countries Working Together
• Worldwide Cybercrime
• Security Principles for International Use
• Determine if a Crime Has Indeed Been Committed
• Bringing in Law Enforcement
• Citizen versus Law Enforcement Investigation
• Investigation of Any Crime
• Role of Evidence in a Trial
• Evidence Requirements
• Chain of Custody
• How Is Evidence Processed?
• Hearsay Evidence
• Hearsay Rule Exception
• Preparing for a Crime Before It Happens
• Incident Handling
• Evidence Collection Topics
• Computer Forensics
• Hidden Secrets
• Trying to Trap the Bad Guy
• Companies Can Be Found Liable
• Sets of Ethics
• (ISC)2
• Computer Ethics Institute
• Internet Architecture Board

Domain 7 - Telecommunications and Networking

• OSI Model
• OSI Layers
• Networking Communications
• An Older Model
• Data Encapsulation
• Application Layer
• OSI – Application Layer
• Presentation Layer
• OSI – Presentation Layer
• OSI – Session Layer
• Client/Server Model
• Client/Server Session Layer
• Transport Layer
• Transport Layer Analogy
• Transport Protocols
• OSI – Network Layer
• Here to There
• Network Layer
• OSI – Data Link
• Data Link
• Sublayers
• OSI – Physical Layer
• Physical Layer
• Layers Working Together
• Protocols at Each Layer
• Devices Work at Different Layers
• Types of Networks
• Network Topologies – Physical Layer
• Topology Type – Bus
• Topology Type – Ring
• Topology Type – Star
• Network Topologies – Mesh
• Mesh Topologies
• Summary of Topologies
• LAN Media Access Technologies
• Media Access
• One Goal of Media Access Technologies
• Collision Domain
• Back Off, Buddy
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access
• CSMA/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
• Media Access Technologies – Ethernet
• Media Access Technologies – Token Passing
• Token’s Role
• Other Technologies
• Media Access Technologies – Polling
• Cabling Types – Coaxial
• Coaxial
• Cabling Types – Twisted Pair
• Cable Types
• Types of Cabling – Fiber
• Multimode vs. Single Mode
• Signal and Cable Issues
• Signaling Issues
• Transmission Types – Analog and Digital
• Transmission Types – Synchronous
• Asynchronous
• Transmission Types – Baseband
• Transmission Types – Broadband
• Cabling Issues – Plenum-Rated
• Transmission Types – Number of Receivers
• Internet Group Management Protocol
• Multicasting
• Network Technologies
• Extranet
• Network Technologies (Cont.)
• EDI Evolution
• Networking Devices
• Network Device – Repeater
• Network Device – Hub
• Networking Device – Bridge
• Forwarding Table Example
• Network Devices – Switch
• Virtual LAN
• VLAN
• Interfaces and VLANs
• Sniffers
• Networking Devices – Router
• Hops
• Routers
• Bridges Compared to Routers
• Network Devices – Gateway
• Port and Protocol Relationship
• Client Ports
• Conceptual Use of Ports
• TCP/IP Suite
• UDP versus TCP
• TCP Segment
• SYN Flood
• Teardrop Attack
• Source Routing
• Source Routing Types
• IP Address Ranges
• IPv6
• Protocols
• Protocols – ARP
• IP to MAC Mapping
• How ARP Works
• ARP Poisoning
• ICMP Packets
• A Way Hackers Use ICMP
• Ping Steps
• Protocols – SNMP
• SNMP in Action
• SNMP
• SNMP Output
• POP3 and SMTP
• Protocols – SMTP
• Mail Relay
• Protocols – FTP, TFTP, Telnet
• Protocols – RARP and BootP
• DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration
• Protocol
• Networking Device – Bastion Host
• Network Configurations
• DMZ Configurations
• Firewall Comparisons
• Network Devices – Firewalls
• Firewall Types – Packet Filtering
• Packet Filtering Firewall
• Packet Filtering Firewall Weaknesses
• Packet Filtering
• Rule Set Example
• Firewall Types – Proxy Firewalls
• Firewall Types – Circuit-Level Proxy
• Firewall
• Circuit-Level Proxy
• Firewall Types – Application-Layer Proxy
• Application-Layer Proxy Advantages
• Application-Layer Proxy Disadvantages
• Dedicated Proxy Servers
• Firewall Types – Stateful
• State Table
• Compare
• Firewall Types – Kernel Proxies
• Firewall based VPN Devices
• Best Practices
• Firewall Placement
• Packet Filtering (Cont.)
• Screened Host
• Firewall Architecture Types – Multi- or Dual-Homed
• Screened Subnet
• Dial-Up Protocols and Authentication Protocols
• Dial-Up Protocol – SLIP
• Dial-Up Protocol – PPP
• PPP
• PPP versus SLIP
• Authentication Protocols – PAP
• Authentication Protocols – CHAP
• Authentication Protocol – EAP
• Data Inspection
• Virtual Private Network Technologies
• What Is a Tunneling Protocol?
• Analogy
• Tunneling Protocols – PPTP
• Tunneling Protocols – L2TP
• L2TP Encapsulation
• Tunneling Protocols – IPSec
• IPSec Basic Features
• IPSec Transport Mode
• IPSec Tunnel Mode
• Security Associations (SAs)
• Combining Sas
• Iterated Tunnelling
• SDLC and HDLC
• Layer 3 at Layer 2
• MPLS
• Multiprotocol Label Switching
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• QoS Services
• Autonomous Systems
• Routing Protocols
• Routing
• Routing Protocols (Cont.)
• OSPF
• OSPF Packet Values
• IGRP
• BGP
• Routing Protocol Attacks
• Metropolitan Area Network Technologies
• MAN Technologies – FDDI
• FDDI
• SONET Rings
• MAN Technologies – SONET
• Connecting Networks
• Network Services
• Network Service – DNS
• DNS Server Structure
• Name Resolving Steps
• Split DNS
• Host Name Resolution Attacks
• Network Service – NAT
• Types of NAT
• PAT
• NIS
• Storing Data
• NIS+ Authentication
• WAN Technologies Are Circuit or Packet Switched
• PSTN
• Connecting to the PSTN
• Circuit Switching
• Steps of Connections
• Multiplexing
• Types of Multiplexing
• TDM Process
• Statistical Time Division
• Multiplexing
• FDM
• FDM Process
• Packet Switching
• Circuit versus Packet Switching
• WAN Technologies – Packet Switched
• WAN Technologies – X.25
• X.25
• WAN Technologies – Frame Relay
• WAN Example
• Frame Relay
• PVC and SVC
• WAN Technologies – ATM
• Cell Switching
• Wide Area Network Technologies
• Dedicated Lines
• WAN Technologies – ISDN
• On-Demand
• ISDN Service Types
• WAN Technologies – DSL
• DSL
• ADSL
• SDSL
• WAN Technologies – Cable Modem
• Cable Modems
• Cable Network
• Satellites
• Hybrid Connection
• Satellite Coverage
• Satellite Supplying Different
• Subscribers
• Network Perimeter Security
• Complexity only Increases
• A Layered Approach
• Traditional Voice Network
• PSTN (Cont.)
• Private Branch Exchange
• PBX Vulnerabilities
• PBX Best Practices
• IP Telephony
• Voice Over IP
• Combination of Old and New
• IP Telephony Components
• Media Gateways
• PBX and VoIP
• Voice over…
• IP Telephony Issues
• Telephony Protection Mechanisms
• Telephony Security
• IP Telephony with Wireless
• IP Phones Security
• Mobile Technology Generations
• Mobile Phone Security
• Mobile Device Security
• Cell Phone
• Wireless Technologies – Access Point
• Wireless Frequencies
• Alphabet Soup of Standards
• Spread Spectrum
• OFDM
• Where does Spread Spectrum Work?
• 802.11n
• Wireless Technologies – Access Point (Cont.)
• Architectures
• Wireless Technologies – Service Set ID
• Authenticating to an AP
• 802.11 Authentication
• Wireless Technologies – WEP
• WEP Problems
• Wireless Technologies – More WEP Woes
• Lack of Integrity
• WEP Security Issues

Domain 8 - Business Continuity Objectives

• Needs for BCP
• Is Your Organization Prepared?
• Is Your Company Prepared?
• 9/11 Changed Mentalities About BCP
• Disaster affected Many
• America is Rebuilding
• Partial FEMA Disaster List for 2005
• Do We have a Plan?
• DRP Focus
• BCP Focus
• Comparing the Two
• What is the Purpose of a BCP?
• More Reasons to have Plans in Place
• Framework
• BCP is a Core Component of Every Security Program
• Steps of BCP Process
• Different BCP Model
• Documentation
• Documentation and Approval
• BCP Policy Outlines
• BCP Policy Sample
• Who is In Charge and Who Can We Blame?
• What’s Needed in a Team?
• BCP Development Team
• Project Sizing
• Properly Determining Scope is Important
• BCP Risk Analysis Steps
• BIA Steps
• Data Gathering
• Information from Different Sources
• Analysis
• Critical Functions
• How to Identify the Most Critical Company Functions
• Interdependencies
• Well, of course an Organization Knows How it Works!
• Business Silos
• Understanding the Enterprise
• BIA Steps (Cont.)
• Identifying Functions’ Resources
• Who Connects to Who?
• BIA Steps (Cont..)
• Maximum Tolerable Downtime
• MTD
• MTD Definitions
• BIA Steps (Cont...)
• Range of Threats to Consider
• Thinking Outside of the Box What if….
• Biological Threats
• BIA Steps (Cont….)
• Potential Disasters
• Risk Approach
• Ranking by Risk Level
• Potential Losses
• Include all RISK Components
• What Have We Completed Up to Now?
• BIA Steps (Cont…..)
• Recovery Strategies
• Alternate Business Process Procedures
• Business Process Reconstruction
• Recovery Strategies (Cont.)
• Facility Recovery
• Facility Backups – Hot Site
• Facility Backups – Warm Site
• Facility Backups – Cold Site
• Compatibility Issues with Offsite Facility
• Tertiary Sites
• Subscription Costs
• Multiple Processing Centers
• Location, Location, Location
• Choosing Site Location
• Other Offsite Approaches
• Security does Not Stop
• More Options
• Rolling Hot Site
• Recovery Strategies (Cont..)
• Supply and Technology Recovery
• VoIP
• Equipment Replacement
• What Items Need to Be Considered?
• Priorities
• Anything Else?
• Replacements
• Executive Succession Planning
• Recovery Strategies (Cont...)
• User Environment Recovery
• Recovery Strategies (Cont….)
• Data Recovery Technologies
• Co-Location
• Data Recovery
• Backup Redundancy
• Recovering Data
• Automated Backup Technologies
• Tape Vaulting
• Data Recovery (Cont.)
• Clustering for Fault Tolerance
• Clustering
• Disk or Database Shadowing
• Which Option to Use
• Cost Effective Measures
• Resources, Time, Solutions
• Determining Recovery Solutions
• Cost and Recovery Times
• Proactive
• BIA Steps (Cont…...)
• Recovery Solutions
• Preventative Measures
• Reviewing Insurance
• Results from the BIA
• Now Ready to Develop the Plan
• Basic Structure of BCP
• Products That Can Help
• Plan Components
• Teams to Be Developed
• External Groups
• Policy Components
• Activation Phase
• Damage Assessment
• Notifying Personnel
• Plan Activation
• Emergency Response
• Policy Components (Cont.)
• Next Phases
• Recovery Procedures
• Documentation of Recovery Steps
• Policy Components (Cont..)
• Reconstitution Phase
• Reconstitution Items
• Returning to Original Facility
• Who goes First?
• Disaster Hit – Now What?
• Termination of BCP
• Life Cycle
• Who has the Plan?
• Backup of the Backup Plan
• Results
• Types of Tests to Choose From
• Test Objectives
• Training Requirements
• Lessons Learned
• What Is Success?
• Out of Date?
• BCP Plans Commonly and Quickly Become Out of Date
• Keeping it Current
• Change Control
• Resulting Plan Should Contain…
• Phases of the BCP

Domain 9 - Application Security

• How Did We Get Here?
• Why Are We Not Improving at a Higher Rate?
• Usual Trend of Dealing with Security
• Where to Implement Security
• Software Development Tools
• CASE Tools
• New Paradigm of Coding
• Security Issues
• Language Types
• Turn into Machine Code
• New and Old
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Classes and Objects
• Objects
• Object Characteristics
• Functions and Messages
• Encapsulation
• Modularity of Objects
• Object-Oriented Programming Characteristic
• Polymorphism
• Another Characteristic of OOP
• Module Characteristics
• Low Cohesion
• Levels of Cohesion
• Coupling
• Distributed Computing
• Distributed Computing – ORBs
• Common Object Request Broker Architecture
• COM Architecture
• DCOM Architecture
• Enterprise Java Beans
• J2EE Platform Example
• Linking Through COM
• Mobile Code with Active Content
• World Wide Web OLE
• ActiveX Security
• Java and Applets
• Sandbox
• Java and Bytecode
• Database Systems
• Database Model
• Timeline
• Hierarchical Database
• Network Database
• Object-Oriented Database
• Benefits of OO Database Model
• Object Relational Database
• Relational Database
• Database Models – Relational Components
• Relational Database Entities
• Primary Key
• Foreign Key
• Database Integrity
• Different Modeling Approaches
• Database Access Methods
• Accessing Databases
• ODBC
• OLE DB
• OLE DB Database Access
• ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)
• Java Database Connectivity
• Database Connectivity
• eXtensible Markup Language
• XML Database
• Database Security Mechanisms
• Databases are Busy Beasts
• Rollback Control
• Checkpoint Control
• Checkpoint Protection
• Lock Controls
• Deadlock Example
• Two-Phase Commit
• Lock Controls Help to Provide ACID
• Inference Attack
• Database View Control
• Common Components
• Data Warehousing
• Warehouse Creation
• Using a Data Warehouse
• Metadata
• Database Component
• Data Mart
• Potential Malicious Traffic Tunneling through Port 80
• URL Interpretation
• Common Database Attacks
• OLTP
• Online Transaction Processing
• OLTP Requirements
• Online Analytical Processing
• Knowledge Management
• Knowledge Components
• HR Example
• Knowledge Discovery in Databases
• Data Mining
• Approaches to Knowledge Management
• Expert Systems
• Expert System Components
• Artificial Neural Networks
• Data, Information, Knowledge
• Comparing Types
• Software Development Models
• System Life Cycle
• Project Development – Phases I and II
• Project Development – Phases III and IV
• Phase V
• Project Development – Phases VI and VII
• Testing Types
• Levels of Tests
• Data Contamination Controls
• Best Practices for Testing
• Test for Specific Threats
• Verification versus Validation
• Evaluating the Resulting Product
• Controlling How Changes Take Place
• Change Control Process
• Administrative Controls
• Common Information Flow
• Vulnerabilities at Different Layers
• Tier Approach and Communication Components
• Tiered Network Architectures
• Sensitive Data Availability
• Cookies
• Find Out Where You Have Been
• Pulling Data
• Web Server Error Pages
• Steps of Interaction
• Provide the Hackers with Tools
• Common Web Server Flaws
• Improper Data Validation
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Directory Traversal
• Buffer Overflow
• Cross-Site Scripting Attack
• Common SQL Injection Attack
• Attacking Mis-configurations
• CGI Information
• Logging Activities
• Are ALL Patches Applied?
• Microsoft Example Best Practices
• Authorize Access
• Isolation for Protection
• Authentication
• Protecting Traffic
• Maintain Server Software
• Common Issues
• Best Practices
• Rolling ‘em Out
• Patching Issues
• Virus
• Boot Sector Invasion
• Few Other Types
• Types of Viruses
• How Do They Work?
• More Malware
• Trojans
• Blended Malware
• A Back Orifice Attack!
• NetBus
• Hoaxes
• Malware Protection Types
• Signature Scanning
• Monitoring Activities
• Monitoring for Changes
• More Bad Stuff
• Attack Characteristics
• Disclosing Data in an Unauthorized Manner
• Covert Storage Channel
• Covert Timing Channel
• Circumventing Access Controls
• Attacks
• TOC/TOU Examples
• Attack Type – Race Condition
• Attacking Through Applications
• How Buffers and Stacks Are Supposed to Work
• How a Buffer Overflow Works
• Watching Network Traffic
• Traffic Analysis
• Functionally Two Different Types Of Rootkits
• Examples of Trojaned Files

Domain 10: Operations Security Objectives

• Computer Operations
• Operations Security Involves
• What Do We Have?
• Hardware Protection
• Licensing Issues
• Software Installation
• ITIL – Problem Management
• Problem Management
• Areas of Problem Management
• Problem Management Procedures for Processing Problems
• Higher Level Look
• Data Output Controls
• Administrative Controls Personnel Controls
• Non-Employees
• Security Operations Personnel
• Change Control
• Configuration Management
• Resource Protection
• Library Maintenance
• Media Labels
• Media Controls
• Software Escrow
• Media Reuse
• Weak Link
• Liabilities of Insecure Disposal of Information
• Devastating to the Company
• Results of Data Leakage
• Object Reuse
• Safe Disposal
• Degaussing
• Zeroization
• Physical Destruction
• Remaining Data
• Purging
• Why Not Just Delete the Files?
• Formatting Media
• Mainframes
• Different Types of Backups
• Backups
• HSM
• Off-Line
• Backup Types
• Incremental Backup
• Incremental
• Differential Backup
• Differential
• Backup Protection
• Continuous Threat
• Devices Will Fail
• Mean Time Between Failure
• Mean Time to Repair
• Single Point of Failure
• Countermeasures
• Redundant and Fault Tolerance
• Mirroring Data
• Disk Duplexing
• Direct Access Storage Device
• Redundant Array of Independent Disks
• Massive Array of Inactive Disks (MAID)
• Redundant Array of Independent Tapes (RAIT)
• Serial Advanced Technology Architecture
• SAN
• Fault Tolerance
• Network Redundancy
• Mesh Network
• Redundancy Mechanism
• Backup Configuration Files
• Some Threats to Computer Operations
• Trusted Recovery of Software
• After System Crash
• Security Concerns
• Contingency Planning
• Remote Access Security
• Authentication
• Remote Access
• Administering Systems Remotely
• Facsimile Security
• Securing Data in Motion
• Support Systems
• Before Carrying Out Vulnerability Testing
• Testing for Vulnerabilities
• Vulnerability Assessments
• Security Testing Issues
• Vulnerability Scanning
• Basic Scanner
• More Functionality
• Data Leakage – Keystroke Logging
• Looking at Keystrokes
• Password Cracking
• One of Many Tools
• War Dialing
• PhoneSweep
• Wardialing Output
• Detailed PhoneSweep Output
• War Driving
• Wireless Reconnaissance Output
• Wireless Reconnaissance
• Wireless Attacks
• MAC Filtering
• Penetration Testing
• Testing Steps
• Testing Methodology
• Automated Pen Testing Tools Canvas Operation
• Penetration Testing
• Automated Pen Testing Tools Core Impact Operation
• Post-Testing and Assessment Steps
• Penetration Testing Variations
• Types of Testing
• Protection Mechanism – Honeypot